What causes brain and spinal cord tumors in adults?

Brain and spinal cord tumors in adults are relatively rare cancers. However, it causes serious health consequences, even death. There are several possible causes of brain tumors and spinal cord tumors mentioned above, or it can also be due to genetic factors.

Many different types of tumors can start in the brain or spinal cord. These different tumors may have different causes, but may also have some things in common.
The causes of brain and spinal cord tumors are still not fully known and there are few clearly defined risk factors. However, abnormalities in brain cells have been observed, and it is possible that this is the cause of brain tumors.
Normal human cells develop and function mainly based on the information in each cell's DNA. When DNA is altered, it leads to brain tumors. DNA is the genetic material found in our genomes that helps control the functioning of our cells. DNA is inherited from both parents and determines the body's traits including appearance.
Some genes regulate the growth of cells in the body, when they divide into new cells, and when they die:
Some genes regulate abnormal cell growth, division divide and survive are called oncogenes. Genes that help control cell division, repair mistakes in DNA, or cause cells to die at the right time are called tumor suppressor genes. Cancer can develop due to mutations in DNA that lead to oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. These mutations can be inherited from parents, but usually they tend to arise at some point in a person's life.

Researchers have discovered genetic changes in brain tumors that cause a number of rare genetic syndromes (such as neurofibromatosis, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and von Hippel-Lindau syndrome). These syndromes increase the risk of developing certain brain and spinal cord tumors. For example, Li-Fraumeni syndrome is caused by changes in the tumor suppressor gene TP53. Normally, this gene helps prevent the proliferation of cells with abnormal DNA. Mutations in this gene increase the risk of developing brain tumors (especially gliomas), as well as certain other cancers.

It is not often known why people without genetic syndromes suddenly develop brain or spinal cord tumors. Most cancer risk factors, such as chemicals in cigarette smoke, can damage DNA. But the brain is normally protected from most cancer-causing chemicals that we breathe in or ingest, so these factors may not play a major role in these cancers.
Gene mutations often occur in normal cells before they turn into cancer. There are many types of brain tumors, each of which can have different genetic mutations. Scientists have observed a number of gene mutations in brain cancer, but there may be many more that have yet to be discovered.
Researchers have analyzed several gene changes that occur in different types of brain tumors, but have not yet determined why these changes occur. Some mutations can be inherited, but most brain and spinal cord tumors are not caused by known genetic syndromes. Other than radiation, no environmental or lifestyle factors have been found to be clearly associated with brain tumors. Most gene changes are probably just random events that sometimes happen inside cells with no external cause.

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References: cancer.org