Thyroid autoimmune disease markers

Posted by Doctor Tran Thi Huyen Trang - Laboratory Department - Vinmec Times City International Hospital

The thyroid is an endocrine, butterfly-shaped gland usually located in the front of the neck. The function of the thyroid gland is to make thyroid hormone, which is secreted into the bloodstream and then transported to every tissue in the body. Thyroid hormone affects the growth of the body, increases the growth rate, promotes the maturation and development of the brain during the fetal period and the first years after birth; the effect on cell metabolism makes increase ATP synthesis to provide energy for all cell activities; increases the metabolism of glucose, lipids, proteins and vitamins; Thyroid hormone also has effects on the cardiovascular system, neuromuscular system, sex organs and other endocrine glands.

Of all the causes of thyroid disease, autoimmune disease is the leading cause, often referred to as autoimmune thyroid disorders. Normally, the body's immune system protects us from foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses with antibodies produced by blood cells called lymphocytes. In many patients with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, lymphocytes produce antibodies against their own thyroid gland. Common antibodies that cause thyroid problems are thyroid-specific peroxidase (TPO), anti-TSH receptor (TSHR) autoantibodies, and anti-thyroglobulin (Anti thyroglobulin) antibodies.
2.1 Test Anti-TPO Thyroperoxidase (TPO) is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormone, catalyzes the oxidation reaction of iodin on the tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin to synthesize T3 and T4. TPO is expressed only in thyroid cells. Anti-TPO antibodies are formed when antigens leak into the circulation during inflammation that destroys thyroid tissue.
Purpose and indications of the test:
Assess the production of antithyroid autoantibodies to help diagnose autoimmune disorders in the thyroid gland. Distinguishing Subacute Thyroiditis from Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Differentiating Thyroid Autoimmune Disorders from Non-autoimmune Goiter Helps Decide Treatment in Patients with Hypothyroidism with clinical symptoms Normal value: anti-TPO: < 5.61 IU/mL
Increased anti-TPO: autoimmune hemolytic anemia, granulomatous thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, generalized myasthenia gravis, myxedema, non-thyrotoxic goiter, pernicious anemia, primary hypothyroidism, thyroid cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus ...

2.2 Anti-TSHR test (anti-TSH receptor autoantibodies) Purpose and indications of the test:
Assist in the diagnosis of autoimmune hyperthyroidism Monitor and treat Graves' disease patients and predict relapse. TRAb levels tend to decrease when antithyroid drugs are used to treat Graves' disease. Low or undetectable levels of TRAb after a course of treatment may indicate remission and therefore discontinuation of the drug may be considered. Measure TRAb levels during the third trimester of pregnancy. Because TRAb are IgG group antibodies, they cross the placenta and can cause neonatal thyroid disease. Therefore, measure TRAb antibody levels during pregnancy in patients with a history of thyroid disease. Normal value: 0 - 1.75 IU/L
Increased TRAb levels: Autoimmune thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis (Basedow) ), hyperthyroidism...
2.3 Anti-TG (anti-thyroglobulin) test Thyroglobulin (TG) is a localized glycoprotein in thyroid colloid, involved in iodine binding and T3 biosynthesis and T4.Tg plays a decisive role in the synthesis of peripheral thyroid hormones. T3 and T4.TG are produced by normal thyroid follicular cells, papillary carcinoma cells, and follicular carcinoma cells. Thyroid. Normally, Thyroglobulin (TG) is located in the colloid of thyroid gland, in some types of thyroid dysfunction, TG can be released from the thyroid gland to become an antigen for the body. In response, the body produces antibodies against TG, leading to an inflammatory response and destruction of the thyroid gland.

Purpose and indications of the test:
To detect autoimmune thyroid diseases Monitoring Hashimoto's thyroiditis Differential diagnosis of suspected autoimmune thyroiditis of unknown cause with results anti-TPO antibody Normal value: < 115 IU/mL
Increased Anti-TG: autoimmune hemolytic anemia, granulomatous thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, generalized myasthenia gravis, myxedema, non-thyrotoxic goiter, pernicious anemia, primary hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroid cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes ...
At Vinmec International General Hospital, the The thyroid autoimmune disease marker test is performed automatically for fast and accurate results with a complete list of tests, helping to comprehensively evaluate thyroid diseases. Coming to Vinmec, customers can choose a thyroid screening package or visit and do retail services as prescribed by a doctor.
To register for examination and treatment at Vinmec International General Hospital, you can contact Vinmec Health System nationwide, or register online HERE.

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