Role and application of ELISA test in medicine

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a biomolecular technique that uses the specificity of antibodies, as well as the sensitivity of enzyme assays, to detect and quantify molecules. such as hormones, peptides, antibodies and proteins.

ELISA is used as a diagnostic tool in medicine and plant pathology, for quality control testing in many different disciplines.
There are many types of ELISA tests for many types of infections such as direct, indirect, sandwich, competitive, but all follow the general principle of antigen detection by immunological specific antibodies. The special feature here is that the antibodies are bound to an enzyme (enyme-linked), and after the antigen-antibody reaction occurs, a specific substrate (substrate) is added to the enzyme to be broken down. degrade the substrate to products, proportional to the amount of antigen to be measured. Measuring signals, most commonly the color change of a chemical, will calculate the amount of antigen present in the test specimen.

2.1 From cancer screening to drug testing and pregnancy Identifying early cancer markers is one of the ongoing challenges developed and researched by scientists due to the fact that early detection of cancer has the potential to be curable. , prolonging survival time and improving the quality of life for cancer patients. ELISA-based techniques are available and widely used in clinical practice to test patients with early-stage cancers including ovarian and breast cancer.
In addition, ELISA is used to detect concentrations of illicit substances such as cannabinoids, amphetamines, opiates, cocaine, benzodiazepines and methadone, which can be determined by ELISA in urine samples. The method can also be used to monitor drug levels in patients receiving treatment for, for example, anti-infective antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease patients.
ELISA is also commonly used to test for human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) hormone in urine to detect women who are pregnant or some other disease.
The ELISA test can be used to diagnose specific conditions such as:
HIV Lyme disease Pernicious anemia Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rotavirus diarrhea Carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma Syphilis Varicella-zoster virus toxoplasmosis, which causes chickenpox and shingles Zika virus ELISA is often used as a screening tool before more specialized tests are ordered. Your doctor may order this test if you have signs or symptoms of any of the above conditions or use it to rule out a condition your doctor suspects.

2.2 Platelet Antibody Detection Serum platelet antibody detection is used to identify patients with disorders such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and systemic lupus erythematosus lupus erythematosus). In addition to providing a less expensive and complicated method to detect platelet antibodies, ELISA also performs to provide more information than other tests such as lymphocytotoxicity test (LCT) and immunofluorescence assay Platelet optics (PIIFT).
2.3 Food allergy ELISA is widely used in the food industry to detect the presence of allergens to warn users about possible allergens as required by law. France. This application greatly benefits from the sensitivity of ELISA and can detect levels of potential food allergy contaminants at concentrations as low as parts per million (ppm). In addition, this technique also has the advantage of being able to test for oils and other substances such as egg whites or milk that cannot be detected by methods such as PCR.
2.4 Virus detection by viruses Advantages of using ELISA to detect viruses are widely used in developing countries, where infection rates are often very high and can reach vulnerable populations It is best to check the spot and give the results immediately, thereby allowing the doctor to take timely and accurate treatment measures.

An ELISA test is as simple as taking a blood sample from the patient at home or in the hospital.
The blood sample will be sent to the laboratory for analysis. In the lab, a lab technician will add a sample to a petri dish containing the suspected antigen associated with the disease the doctor is suspecting to have. The technician inserts an enzyme into a petri dish and observes how the patient's blood and the enzyme's antigen react with each other. If the patient's blood contains antibodies against the antigen, the two will bind to each other. Therefore, if the patient is positive for the suspected disease, the test paper will change color.

The patient does not need to prepare for this test. The blood draw was quick and only slightly uncomfortable. The patient should notify the medical staff if the patient is afraid of needles or becomes dizzy or fainted when seeing blood or needles.

There are very few risks associated with this test such as: Infection; pain; bruises; bleeding more than usual...
Patients should tell their doctor before the test if they have had problems drawing blood in the past, bruise easily, or have a bleeding disorder such as hemophilia .

References: News-medical.net and Healthline.com