Common types of leukemia

Leukemia is a malignancy condition associated with the overproduction of immature or abnormal white blood cells that eventually block the production of normal healthy blood cells. symptoms associated with hematopoietic hypoplasia. Read on to learn more about the common types of leukemia.

Malignant transformation will usually occur in hematopoietic stem cells, although it is sometimes associated with stem cells' ability to differentiate with limited self-renewal capacity. Abnormal proliferation, clonal expansion, abnormal differentiation, decreased apoptosis lead to replacement of normal blood factors by malignant cells.
Leukemia is a cancer that starts in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow. When one of these cells changes and becomes a leukemia cell, it no longer grows as healthy as it should. Normally, it divides to make new cells faster than usual. Leukemia cells do not die either. They accumulate in the bone marrow and crowd out normal cells. At some point, white blood cells leave the bone marrow and spill into the bloodstream, often causing the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood to rise. Once in the bloodstream, leukemia cells can spread to other organs, where they can cause other cells in the body to function improperly.
Leukemia is different from other types of cancer, starting in organs like the lung, colon or breast and then metastasized to the bone marrow. Cancer starts in another part of the body and then spreads to the bone marrow.
Not all leukemias are the same. Knowing the specific type of leukemia will help your doctor make a better diagnosis for each patient and plan the best treatment.
What is Chronic Leukemia? Leukemia is acute or chronic depending on whether most of the abnormal cells are immature (and more like stem cells) or mature (and more like normal white blood cells).
In chronic leukemia, the cells mature partially but not completely. These cells may look quite normal, but they are not. In general, they do not fight infections like other normal white blood cells. Leukemia cells also live longer than normal cells, accumulating and crowding out normal cells in the bone marrow. It takes a long time, maybe a few years, before a person can see a health problem or more obvious symptoms of chronic leukemia.
Chronic leukemia is often more difficult to cure than acute leukemia.

2.1. Common Leukemia There are 4 main types of leukemia, based on whether they are acute or chronic, and myeloid or lymphocytic:
Acute myeloid (or myeloid) leukemia (AML) Chronic leukemia myeloid (or myeloid) (CML) Acute lymphocytic (or lymphoblastic) leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) In acute leukemia, the bone marrow cells cannot grow as they should. These immature cells continue to reproduce and form. Without treatment, most people with acute leukemia will live only a few months. Some types of acute leukemia are well treated and many patients can be cured. Other types of acute leukemia are less promising.
Lymphocytic leukemia starts in cells and becomes lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are also cancer and it starts in those cells. The key difference between lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma is that in leukemia the cancer cells are mainly located in the bone marrow and blood, whereas in lymphoma it tends to be in the lymph nodes and tissues other.
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is another chronic leukemia that starts in myeloid cells.
2.2. Manifestations of Leukemia The clinical manifestations of leukemia are very insidious, sometimes when the disease is detected, it has progressed to stage 3 (chronic, progressive and fulminant). Patients in the chronic stage may be asymptomatic or may have any of the following signs and symptoms:
Fatigue, weight loss, loss of strength, decreased exercise tolerance Low-grade fever and vomiting excessive sweating due to metabolism Elevated white blood cell count (WBC) or enlarged spleen Eaten quickly and eat less due to enlarged spleen Upper left abdominal pain due to spleen infarction Enlarged liver The following are signs and symptoms of advanced disease:
Bleeding, petechiae and bruises in the growing phase Bone pain and fever during flare-ups Anemia increased, thrombocytopenia, the disease is very bleeding, the spleen enlarges fast

As with other blood disorders, the first test usually done is a complete blood count (CBC).
This test may be ordered specifically because you have recurrent or unusual infections and your doctor suspects you have a white blood cell disorder. But because a CBC is also done as part of an annual wellness check, this test can detect such a condition by chance.
When reviewing the results, the healthcare provider will look for a change in the total white blood cell count or the count of a particular type of white blood cell. The result c will be compared with the appropriate reference range for the white blood cell count. They can vary from lab to lab, but the averages are as follows:
Men: 5,000 to 10,000 WBCs per microliter of blood Women: 4,500 to 11,000 WBCs per microliter of blood Children (infant to colon) adolescents): 5,000 to 10,000 WBCs per microliter of blood Infants (under 2 weeks of age): 9,000 to 30,000 WBCs per microliter of blood If your results are higher or lower than normal, your doctor will work to confirm determine why. Sometimes the cause is temporary, such as an elevated white blood cell count during an active infection. In these cases, the CBC is often repeated to make sure that everything is back to normal.
Your doctor may also order a smear test — a test in which a small amount of blood is placed on a slide so that laboratory specialists can examine your blood cells under a microscope to look for abnormalities that may indicate a disorder (and its cause).
If you need further evaluation, your primary care provider can refer you to a specialist. Leukemia disorders are usually treated by hematologists who specialize in blood disorders or immunologists who specialize in disorders of the immune system.
Because white blood cells are made in the bone marrow, a bone marrow biopsy may be necessary to get the job done
Treatment: Treatment for a leukemia disorder depends largely on the type of disorder and any cause any basic. People with leukemia need to be monitored regularly to make sure their treatment regimen is working.
Treatments may include:
Antibiotics: Used to treat and prevent associated infections Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF) or Growth Factor: Medicines can stimulate stimulates the production of white blood cells in the bone marrow Stem cell transplants: May be used to cure disease in some cases Leukemia transfusions are rarely used because research does not show that they reduce the risk of death death or infection in people with white blood cell disorders.
Supportive treatment
Leukocyte electrophoresis for white blood cell count greater than 300,000 cells /μL Splenectomy for severe splenomegaly

People with leukemia have a higher risk of infection and bleeding due to low platelet counts, even before starting any therapy.
Because these abnormalities result in leukemia, leukemia treatment is needed to correct an abnormal blood count.
Treatment for leukemia causes blood cell counts and function to temporarily get worse. During this time, the patient will receive blood and platelet transfusions, take antibiotics and take measures to prevent infection and bleeding.
Should wash hands often to avoid infection. Applies to both patients and caregivers. All items or food, such as fruit and utensils, should not be used in the ward.
In most cases, some kind of infection or fever is unavoidable. If an infection is present, the patient will usually have several tests done to look for the source of the infection, which may include blood, urine, and stool cultures, and chest X-rays. Patients need to take antibiotics now, or adjust if they are still taking them. Each type of infection will have different antibiotics, the patient must take the right antibiotic until it is cured.
During treatment, the patient will require a blood transfusion (for low hemoglobin) or platelets (for low platelet count). People with a low hemoglobin count may feel very tired, short of breath, or pale. A low platelet count (also called thrombocytopenia) can lead to bleeding. It can be as little as bleeding gums when brushing teeth or nosebleeds, bleeding is very dangerous, such as leading to a stroke.
Patients should pay attention to avoid strong collisions during normal activities; they should not shave with a razor and should avoid any activity that increases the risk of bleeding or bruising. Patients should always notify their healthcare team if they have symptoms of anemia or thrombocytopenia.

References: cancer.org, emedicine.medscape.com, oncolink.org