Electrocardiogram diagnosis in electrolyte disorders

Na+: The most abundant electrolyte in the body; K+: Electrolyte required for cell membrane stimulation of neurotransmitter activity; Ca2+: Combined with phosphorus to create minerals for bones and teeth, stimulate nerve conduction and muscle contraction; Mg2+: Plays an important role in carbohydrate and protein metabolism, good for the heart, nerves and muscles; Cl-: Helps regulate osmotic pressure and acid-base balance.

Regulate the distribution of water; Conduction for nerve impulses; An important role in muscle contraction; Coagulation; Regulate the activity of enzymes (ATP); Regulate acid-base balance.

Hyponatremia when the index is < 130 mEq/L; Hypernatremia when the index is > 145 mEq/L; Hypokalemia when index <3.5 mEq/L; Hyperkalemia when index > 5.1 mEq/L; Chlorine imbalance when reading <98 mEq/L or >107 mEq/L; Magnesium imbalance when reading is <1.5 mEq/L or >2.5 mEq/L.

An electrocardiogram (ECG - Electrocardiogram) is a graph that records the changes in electrical currents in the heart. The heart contracts to a rhythm and is controlled by the conduction system in the heart muscle. Electrocardiogram is used in medicine to diagnose and detect heart diseases such as: Heart failure, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction,... In addition, electrocardiogram is also important in diagnosis. diagnose electrolyte disturbances.

4.1 Hypokalemia 4.1.1 Change of repolarization Decreased amplitude and widening of T waves; Predominant U wave appears; ST depression; When K+ is severely lowered, the T and U waves mix together; 4.1.2 Abnormal conduction QRS dilated, PR gradually dilated; Atrioventricular block; Cardiac arrest. 4.2 Hyperkalemia ST component gradually disappears; Narrow, tall, and pointed T waves; T wave gets taller, P wave fades away; The QT segment is shortened; QRS dilation; The P wave disappears; Sine wave in severe cases; If potassium is moderately increased (5-7 mEq/L of plasma), conduction in the myocardium is slightly decreased: T wave is prolonged or elevated, P is lost, PR is long; If potassium rises higher (8-9 mEq/L plasma) stronger inhibition on pacemaker and conduction in the myocardium: long QRS, possibly asystole, preceded by ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia.

4.3 Calcium disorders Hypercalcemia: QT interval shortens, ST shortens; Hypocalcaemia: QT prolongation due to ST lengthening, T wave flattening and inversion; 4.4 Sodium disorders Hypernatremia does not have many manifestations on the electrocardiogram. However, in patients with impaired intraventricular conduction due to hyperkalemia, hypernatremia manifests on the electrocardiogram as prolongation of the QT interval.
4.5 Magnesium disorders Hypomagnesemia: Prolonged QT interval, QRS, PR, complete heart block, asystole; Increased Magnesium: Prolongs atrioventricular and supraventricular activity. Electrocardiographic diagnosis in electrolyte disorders is of great significance in detecting electrolyte imbalances in the body, thereby helping doctors to provide timely and effective treatment for patients.
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