Endoscopic examination of the stomach helps doctors observe the stomach’s internal images clearly and in detail, as well as assess the severity of the disease to predict treatment outcomes.

Late-stage liver cancer is when most patients are diagnosed. At this stage, symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, enlarged liver, ascites, and jaundice become more apparent as the tumor grows. This condition typically progresses silently and is difficult to recognize in the early stages. Therefore, if there are any abnormal signs, patients should immediately get screened for liver cancer.

CA 19-9 is a tumor marker used in the diagnosis, evaluation of a patient's response to treatment, and monitoring of patients with pancreatic or hepatobiliary cancer. In pancreatic cancer diagnosis, the presence of symptoms such as pancreatic obstruction or biliary obstruction, along with elevated CA 19-9 levels, helps the doctor conclude the risk of pancreatic cancer rather than benign pancreatic tumors. Similarly, patients with symptoms such as ascites, jaundice, and elevated CA 19-9 levels may have an increased risk of liver cancer.

A healthy, normal cell has a life cycle of development, division, and death. Cancer cells do not follow this normal cycle. Instead of dying as part of the usual cycle, cancer cells produce many more abnormal cells that can invade surrounding tissues. They can also invade the blood and lymphatic systems to other parts of the body.