Common multifactorial immunodeficiency disease (COVID)

Common multifactorial immunodeficiency is similar to X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia in developing infections, however, common multiple immunodeficiency tends to be later, It is common in people between the ages of 20 and 40, and T-cell immunity may be impaired in some patients.

Common Immune Deficiency Disease (CVID) is an underlying immunodeficiency disorder associated with defects in the humoral immune system. These defects are largely molecularly variable, however in most patients with common multiple immunodeficiency syndromes, the molecular defect is often not obvious and mutations are sporadic in >90% of cases. fit.
Common multifactorial immunodeficiency has similar clinical features to X-linked gammaglobulinemia in developmental infections, however, common multiple immunodeficiency tends to be later, It is common in people between the ages of 20 and 40, and T-cell immunity may be impaired in some patients.
The common multiple immunodeficiencies are usually primary (genetic factors, typically manifest in infancy or childhood) and secondary. The causes of secondary immunodeficiency are mainly immunodeficiency. Immunodeficiency can be caused by:
Systemic disorders such as diabetes, malnutrition or HIV infection; People who have to undergo immunotherapy such as cytotoxic chemotherapy, bone marrow resection before transplantation and radiation therapy; Patients with persistent serious illness, especially in critically ill, elderly and hospitalized patients. Primary immunodeficiency is classified as absent, defective, or deficient in key components of the immune system. Specifically:
Humoral immunity; Cellular immunity; Humoral and cellular immunity; phagocytic cells; Complementary proteins.

Usually, patients with diverse immunodeficiency often present with recurrent respiratory infections. Autoimmune disorders can also occur because of malabsorption and gastrointestinal lymphoid proliferation, hepatosplenomegaly, granulomatosis, lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, and bronchiectasis. Other symptomatic signs include:
Eczema rash, edema, hair follicles, fatty dermatoses, alopecia or vasodilatation may be evident. Lymph nodes in the neck and Amydal lymphatic tissues are usually very small or absent in X-linked Agammaglobulinemia. In some other immunological conditions, the lymph nodes in the head and neck may be enlarged and form pus. . There is scarring or perforation in the eardrum. And the nostrils can be pulled membrane, runny nose. Some patients have a chronic cough, with rales, especially in adults with various immunodeficiencies. Other common symptoms of multiple immunodeficiencies are an enlarged liver and spleen or granulomatous disease. chronic. Muscle mass and fat in the buttocks are reduced. In infants, with the usual variety of immunodeficiency, the skin around the anus can rupture because of chronic diarrhea. Neurological examination in children may detect growth retardation or signs of anemia.

For the diagnosis of common multiple immunodeficiency syndrome, serum Ig and serum antibody levels, T-cell and B-cell lineage measurements, and serum protein electrophoresis are required. Therefore, the diagnosis of multiple immunodeficiencies is usually suggested by recurrent respiratory infections and requires the following:
Low body IgG levels (at least 2 standard deviations below) normal); Low levels of IgA, IgM, or both; Poor response to vaccination, the vaccination is a protein and polysaccharide vaccine; Exclude other immune disorders. In addition, the patient needs to perform the necessary tests to confirm the diagnosis of immunodeficiency. Those tests include:
Peripheral occlusion: This should be checked for other forms of RBC abnormalities and Howell-Jolly organs, indicating impaired spleen function. Granulocytes may have morphological abnormalities. Quantitative Serum Ig Levels Measured: Low serum IgG, IgM or IgA levels may be suggestive of antibody deficiency, however the results should be compared with those of control controls. age control. IgM antibodies: The IgM antibody test can be assessed by measuring isohemagglutinin fat. Anti-IgG Antibody Tests: This test can be evaluated in immunocompetent patients by measuring antibody blisters before and after vaccine antigen injection. Less than doubling of levels between 2 and 3 weeks indicates antibody deficiency regardless of Ig levels. Skin testing: During skin testing, the majority of adults, infants, and immunocompromised children respond to 0.1 mL of Candida albicans extract injected intrathoracic. Chest X-ray: This imaging test can be helpful for some babies; If the presence of an absent hallucinogen line indicates a T-cell disorder, especially on radiographs prior to the onset of infection, lateral pharyngeal radiographs may show absence of adenoidal tissue.

The usual treatment of multiple immunodeficiency syndromes includes preventing infection, treating acute infection, and replacing missing immune components where possible. Specific treatments are as follows:
Infection Prevention To prevent infection, patients can practice avoiding environmental exposures and should not receive live virus vaccines such as rubella, herpes zoster vaccines. , oral polio, intranasal influenza vaccine or BCG. For patients at risk of serious infections or specific infections, prophylactic antibiotics can be used.
In addition, to prevent graft-versus-host disease after transfection, clinicians need to use cytomegalovirus-negative donor blood products. Simultaneously the products should be filtered to remove WBC and irradiation.
Treatment of acute infections Following appropriate culture, antibiotics are best used to target the likely cause. In some cases, surgery is sometimes required. However, self-limiting viral infections often cause severe, prolonged illness in immunocompromised patients.
Replace missing immune components Replacing missing immune components will help prevent infection. Therapies used in more than one underlying immunodeficiency disorder are usually immunoglobulin IV therapy. It is an effective replacement therapy in most forms of antibody deficiency. The usual dose of globulin is 400 mg/kg once a month.
Subcutaneous immune globulin (SCIG) is also a replacement therapy for missing immune components. Immune globulin subcutaneously can be used at home, the usual dose is 100 - 150 mg/kg once a week.
An alternative therapy is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using umbilical cord blood, bone marrow or adult peripheral blood stem cells, which is effective for other immunodeficiency diseases and stem cells. T is lethal.
The last resort is a retroviral vector gene, which has been successful in some patients with X- and ADA-deficient subcutaneous immunoglobulins, but this treatment is not widely used because of some patients with X-linked subcutaneous immune globulin developed leukemia.
To protect health, patients need to go to a reputable hospital to conduct examination and treatment as soon as there are signs of various common immunodeficiencies. Currently, Vinmec International General Hospital is one of the leading prestigious hospitals in the country, trusted by a large number of patients for medical examination and treatment. Not only the physical system, modern equipment: 6 ultrasound rooms, 4 DR X-ray rooms (1 full-axis machine, 1 light machine, 1 general machine and 1 mammography machine) , 2 DR portable X-ray machines, 2 multi-row CT scanner rooms (1 128 rows and 1 16 arrays), 2 Magnetic resonance imaging rooms (1 3 Tesla and 1 1.5 Tesla), 1 room for 2 levels of interventional angiography and 1 room to measure bone mineral density.... Vinmec is also the place to gather a team of experienced doctors and nurses who will greatly assist in diagnosis and detection. early signs of abnormality in the patient's body. In particular, with a space designed according to 5-star hotel standards, Vinmec ensures to bring the patient the most comfort, friendliness and peace of mind.