Medications such as Nifedipine, Botox ®, and GTN can improve the flow through the sphincter of Oddi and reduce the symptoms of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD), but their effectiveness remains to be demonstrated in sufficiently large, randomized, and controlled trials. Therefore, endoscopic sphincterotomy remains the treatment of choice for certain patients accurately diagnosed with SOD.

There is no specific size that dictates when gallstones require surgery. Not all gallstone cases need surgical intervention. It depends on the complications caused by the stones and the patient's health status. Doctors will then make the most appropriate recommendations.