Stool typically has an unpleasant odor. In many cases, foul-smelling stool occurs due to the food the patient has eaten and the bacteria present in the large intestine. However, foul-smelling stool can also indicate a serious health issue that may occur, such as diarrhea, bloating, or gas, often associated with soft or watery stools.

There are many causes of finger swelling, with kidney disease being one of the most concerning. However, individuals with swollen fingers should consider other characteristics, such as accompanying symptoms and medical history, to make appropriate choices regarding examination and treatment.

While dehydration is a significant health concern, excessive water intake can also lead to issues. Water overload occurs when one consumes more water than the body requires. Prolonged excess can strain the kidneys, dilute sodium levels in the bloodstream, disrupt electrolyte balance, or result in water toxicity.

Ions, also known as electrolytes (mainly Na, K, Cl), are essential in the human body, maintaining voltage across the membranes of nerve cells, heart cells, and muscle cells, and transmitting electrical signals between them.

The complete blood count (CBC) test is considered one of the important tests for pregnant women. This is one of the most basic tests routinely performed to assess the overall health of pregnant women and thereby detect disorders such as infections, anemia, and blood diseases, etc.

The CD3, CD4, CD8 cell count test is a blood test used to assess immune system activity in individuals with immunodeficiency. This test evaluates cell surface markers for immune cells. It is widely applied and provides reliable results.

The introduction of flexible endoscopes has made it possible to observe the interior of the stomach and colon, allowing for accurate diagnoses of both benign and malignant diseases. Advancements in pathological anatomy enable us to examine specimens under a microscope, helping to determine the histological nature of tissue samples or lesions and to distinguish between benign and malignant conditions. The assessment of potential malignancy is based on various factors, including the mobility, surface characteristics, and shape of the polyp, as well as the results obtained from staining and magnification techniques.

Most bladder diverticula are typically discovered incidentally during a general check up. These are benign lesions of the bladder wall. Timely diagnosis and treatment of bladder diverticula are essential to minimizing the risk of unfortunate complications associated with the condition.